What does a false-negative prediction mean when making predictions about secondary offending?

Assignment Question

Section 1: Questions To complete the Questions portion, indicate the correct response to each question by bolding or highlighting the appropriate choice. Make sure to read each question carefully. When completed, continue to Section 2 on the following page.

1. (2.5pts) Secondary crime prevention targets which of the following choices? a. The public in general b. Individuals who have already committed a crime c. Potential offenders, places, or situations that have a higher likelihood for criminal activity 2. (2.5pts) What does a false-negative prediction mean when making predictions about secondary offending? a. Someone who was predicted to be deviant commits a criminal act. b. Someone who was predicted to be deviant does not commit a criminal act. c. Someone who was not predicted to be deviant does not commit a criminal act. d. Someone who was not predicted to be deviant commits a criminal act. 3. (2.5pts) When it comes to hot spots, where should more emphasis be placed to prevent future crimes from occurring? a. Security interventions should identify and predict crimes occurring at specific places, times, or targets. b. Security interventions should identify and predict individual behavior of potential offender. c. Security interventions should be taken against all individuals who rate high on certain individual risk factors. d. Security interventions should educate individuals victimized repeatedly on how to protect themselves. 4. (2.5pts) How does law enforcement and security personnel know when a place is a hot spot? a. There is a spike (sharp increase) in crimes committed within a short period. b. High rates of certain crimes are persistent for at least a one-year period. c. Some individuals experience repeat victimizations. d. Hot spots always experience increased crimes relative to nearby areas. 5. (2.5pts) Which of the following choices are examples of super controllers? a. Homeowners, family, or friends. b. The media, insurance providers, or agencies responsible for issuing liquor licenses to restaurants and bars. c. Law enforcement or private security d. Schools 6. (2.5pts) Neighborhood watches work to build capable guardianship. Which criminological theory is the basis for this goal? a. Rational Choice Theory b. Opportunity Theory c. Social Bonding Theory d. Routine Activities Theory 7. (2.5pts) Increasing neighborhood surveillance through neighborhood watch groups will likely have the least effect on which type of crime? a. Burglary and theft b. Vandalism and graffiti c. Personal and domestic-related crimes d. Fear of crime 8. (2.5pts) Which of the following choices is an example of parochial control? a. The friendly jogger out for their evening stroll who says “hi” to the neighbors they regularly recognize. b. The parent watching their children play outside. c. The local library that arranges for a police officer to provide a “See Something? Say Something?” presentation. d. The local park that organizes a “Dunk at Night” event series to attract local youth and their parents to meet one another. 9. (2.5pts) Which of the following is not one of the four elements of community policing? a. Police-community relations b. Problem solving c. Community involvement d. Redefining law enforcement goals beyond simply making arrests 10. (2.5pts) Order maintenance policing has to do with what? a. When police have to “fight crime.” b. When police undertake investigations. c. When police make arrests for minor incidents. d. When police have to respond to incidents that are not necessarily related to crime. 11. (2.5pts) According to the SARA model for identifying problems, which phase corresponds to the development and implementation of proposed solutions? a. Scanning b. Analysis c. Response d. Assessment 12. (2.5pts) Which of the following is a method used by law enforcement to prohibit gang members from associating with one another in public, trespassing, loitering, or marking/claiming territory in public spaces? a. Civil abatement b. Hot spot policing c. Community Partnership d. Injunctions 13. (2.5pts) The main goal of target hardening is to what? a. Reduce the anticipated rewards for committing a crime. b. Increase the associated risks for committing a crime. c. Reduce the potential provocations for committing a crime. d. Increase the amount of effort required to commit a crime. 14. (2.5pts) According to Situational Crime Prevention techniques, which of the below list of examples exemplifies what it means to assist in promoting natural surveillance? a. “How’s my driving?” decals, enforcing school uniforms b. Installing red-light cameras, burglar alarms, or employing security guards c. Installing CCTV camera networks, leaving more employees on the clock d. Improved street lighting, providing whistleblowers protection, designing defensible spaces that anyone can observe 15. (2.5pts) Ekblom and Hirschfield (2014) suggest that the 25 situation crime prevention techniques are too broad and not as easily applied as assumed. They suggest instead to take actionable steps by what? a. Thinking like a victim b. Thinking like a perpetrator c. Thinking like a police officer d. Thinking like a researcher 16. (2.5pts) Situation crime prevention interventions are more likely to be successful when there are what? a. Multi-faceted, aiming for large-scale changes. b. Attempting to make only modest changes in specific problems at specific times/places. c. Focused in increasing the guilt and shame a potential offender feels when committing a crime. d. Applying the same intervention approaches for several crime-related issues. 17. (2.5pts) Fill in the blanks: While they heinous acts of violence, school shootings in the United States are ______. a. Rare events b. Common events c. Portrayed in the media less than they occur d. Affecting millions of students across the country 18. (2.5pts) What is the main criticism for having School Resource Officers (SROs)? a. Taking officers off the street does not reduce crime. b. SROs can be the first individuals to respond to active shooter scenarios. c. The criminalization of school-related misbehavior that would normally be handled by school administration. d. Youth gangs and criminal activity happen outside schools, so there is little for SROs to do to reduce crime. 19. (2.5pts) Why might it be unfair to assume that students with a low IQ will be delinquent? a. Having a low IQ does not mean they will be delinquent. b. Having a low IQ may lead to a number of other school-related issues which may have stronger associations with future delinquency than IQ itself. c. Low IQ and poor academic achievement go hand-in-hand, so it is not fair to judge. d. Students with high IQs also commit crime. 20. (2.5pts) When students formally discuss and resolve conflicts nonviolently where one student serves as an unbiased member facilitating the discussion is an example of which type of school program? a. Bullying Prevention b. Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT) c. Positive Action Through Holistic Education d. Peer Mediation 21. (2.5pts) What is the most common purpose for someone to commit most types of cybercrime? a. Gain authority, power, or control b. Cause disruption c. Financial gain d. Gain sensitive information 22. (2.5pts) These types of cybercriminals are most likely employed by a large government agency trying to exert pressure, steal classified information, or steal financial currency in foreign places? a. Organized Criminal Organizations b. Nation-State Actors c. Hactivists d. Terrorists 23. (2.5pts) The largest revenue source associated with cybercrime is what? a. Illegal online markets b. Ransomware c. Data trading d. Theft of trade secrets or intellectual property (IP) 24. (2.5pts) What makes social engineering (SE) harder to prevent than traditional computer hacking? a. SE involves writing original software programs to infect computers to gain access to private information. b. SE requires hackers to have sophisticated technological skills c. SE often requires little or no technological skills. d. Computer hacking is more pervasive than social engineering. 25. (2.5pts) Software installed to observe information on a computer or network, such as user activity, keystrokes, website history, and login attempts, is likely which type of cybersecurity threat? a. Malware b. Spyware c. Hardware d. Ransomware 26. (2.5pts) Fill in the blank: So far, research can only suggest that antivirus software is an effective ________ strategy in regard to mitigating cybercrime. a. tertiary prevention b. secondary prevention c. primary prevention d. situational crime prevention 27. (2.5pts) Similar to crimes that occur in the physical world, when evaluating educational workshops designed to mitigate cyberbullying among young individuals, it is critical to measure what to determine the program’s effectiveness? a. Changes in attitudes about cyberbullying. b. Actual cyberbullying behavior. c. Changes in perceptions of the certainty of punishment when engaging in cyberbullying. d. Increased awareness of the harms caused by cyberbullying. 28. (2.5pts) Based on the principle of risk in regards to preventing future offending, imposing traditional criminal justice sanctions on young people who commit less serious cybercrimes is more likely to lead to what? a. An increase in the likelihood of reoffending. b. Stop reoffending in the long-term altogether. c. A decrease in the likelihood of reoffending. d. Only a decrease in the seriousness of reoffending. 29. (2.5pts) Which of the following secondary prevention strategies is not only least likely to reduce cyber-related offenses, but critics argue may instigate perpetrators to commit further offenses? a. Mentoring programs b. Educational workshops c. Restorative justice d. Targeted warning and police cautions 30. (2.5pts) While there are no mentoring programs designed around addressing individuals at-risk of cyber-offending, a successful cyber-related mentoring program might include which the following aspects? a. Providing counseling and therapeutic resources to students struggling in school who play video games too much. b. A short presentation in which at-risk youth meet a cyber security professional. c. Pairing an adult volunteer with a computer science-related career with a young person who is showing signs of suspicious online behavior to educate them on possible tech career options later in life. d. Bringing together a group of young individuals all showing signs of suspicious online activity so that they can learn from each other. Section 2: Short-Answer

Responses Please read: For the Short-Answer Response portion, please answer each question fully in your own words in at least two complete paragraphs (2 paragraphs; 4-6 sentences each). Do not include bulleted/numbered lists. Do not copy from the course lecture material or the textbook (no direct quotes). Do not copy responses from peers. Responses that do not follow these instructions will be marked as receiving zero points. In-text citations are not required. When completed, continue to the Extra Credit portion at the end of the exam. 31. (8pts) When making predictions about possible secondary offending, decide whether it better to base those predictions on (a) individual risk factors or (b) repeat places, times, and targets. Defend your position using information from “Chapter 9: Secondary Offending.” Answer: 32. (8pts) Santa’s Enchanted Forest, a Christmas-themed amusement fair/carnival, recently opened up again to the public in Miami-Dade County. The event planners are especially concerned with making sure patrons feal safe this year because they just moved the event to a new permanent location. In particular, the event planners want to prevent any possible (1) robberies and (2) gun violence. You are tasked with making specific recommendations to the event staff as to what protocols and procedures you suggest they implement to reassure patrons they are safe. Using situational crime prevention techniques (Chapter 10), make at least two recommendations for each crime type (four recommendations total) and briefly explain/convince why the staff should employ such interventions. Answer: 33. (8pts) By now, you are a security and crime prevention expert. You want to approach a nearby school district and propose a new type of crime prevention program you created. In order for the school district to accept your proposition, you have to answer the following: a. Decide which crime(s) or delinquent behaviors you’d like to focus on (e.g., truancy, gang association, cybercrime, etc.) (1-2 sentences). b. Rationale for choosing your target audience (e.g., elementary/middle/high schoolers, only at-risk students, etc.) (1-3 sentences). c. Explain how you will teach your message (e.g., presentation/workshop, mentorship opportunities, group counseling, etc.) (2-5 sentences). d. Explain how you evaluate whether the program was successful (e.g., pre-/post-test of behavior, improvement over time, strength of relationships formed, etc.) (2-4 sentences). Answer: