Write a research paper outlining the ways in which flying travel abroad harms the environment.
– Toulman Argumentative Essay
– Should include Work Cited Page and in-text citation for any examples or references.
Toulman Essay Detailed Needs:
1. An interesting introduction, including an enthymeme (a claim + a summative or overarching reason, joined by the word “because”).
Example: Plastic water bottle production should be stopped because the materials present an unreasonable danger to human health and the health of the environment.”
“Plastic water bottle production should be stopped” is the claim, while “the materials present an unreasonable danger to human health and the health of the environment” is the overarching reason. Joined by the word “because,” we have an argumentative enthymeme that serves as the argument’s thesis.
2. At least three reasons supporting the enthymeme– key points you wish to make to “prove” your position. Three is a bare minimum: most people use more like 8-10! Each point will provide one or more paragraphs in your paper: finding more to discuss is key to expanding the paper’s length and scope.
3. At least three different types of evidence supporting the reasons. Again, the more, the better.
4. At least one warrant demonstrating an assumption shared by writer and reader. Start with the structure, “Most people believe….” or “Most people think….” The warrant refers to basic information or concepts understood and held by everyone (regardless of their position on the topic). These concepts allow us to accept the relationship between facts and conclusion. We accept them as “common knowledge,” and thus they do not require citation. (If you’re trying to create a warrant and find that you need a source
5. At least one backing that “demonstrates” the warrant. (See “The Toulmin Argument” in the Weekly Lectures and Materials for discussion of this.)
6. Acknowledgement of at least one condition of rebuttal, with at least one refutation. Remember that a rebuttal is when an opponent “butts in” and argues with your position, while a refutation is when you argue back “against” your opponent. These may address any part of the argument and may occur in any part of the essay.
7. Skilled use of qualifiers throughout, whether at the word level and/or as “special conditions.” Use them to limit or adjust the force of your claim and its “probable truth” as well as to avoid generalizing.
8. An interesting conclusion (not just a simple restatement of key points!).
You aren’t required to use the Toulmin components in any particular order—but you must use each of them. At its heart, the Toulmin form is what we imagine as a classic argument, i.e., one in which you take a position, support it with facts, show why it is relevant to the audience, and actively take on those who disagree with you. You may work out the order of components in whatever way works best for your topic.
IMPORTANT: Your own voice must predominate in the essay. This is your paper, so don’t form the argument by gluing together a number of source pieces! Begin writing the argument by getting your own ideas, position, and knowledge down on paper– then use sources to support your ideas and fill in the gaps. Your own voice must comprise a majority of the paper. In other words, most of the paper’s content should be you discussing your ideas. Do not let the sources take over!
Attached photos with instructions!
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